Distal esophageal duplication cyst with gastro-esophageal reflux disease: a rare association and a management challenge

Esophageal duplication cysts are rare congenital abnormalities of the foregut and may be associated with other conditions. Association of esophageal duplication with Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease [GERD] has not been reported in children. We are reporting a case of a 16 months baby who had antenatal diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia. Postnatal CT chest, however, suggested a distal esophageal duplication cyst and a contrast esophagogram showed grade-IV GER. A thoracoscopy in another hospital excluded esophageal duplication at that time. Later, he presented with hematemesis in our department and was re-evaluated. Repeat CT confirmed a persistent 2.5 x 1.3 cm cyst in distal esophagus. Upper GI endoscopy suggested grade-II esophagitis with a wide patent gastro-esophageal junction. The child was treated with left thoracotomy, excision of the duplication cyst and thoracic fundoplication. He had an uneventful post-operative recovery and is doing well at 6 months follow-up

Management of children with disorders of sexual development [DSD]: a retrospective analysis

We retrospectively reviewed data of children who were managed for Disorders of Sexual Development [DSD] presenting after one year of age with a view to understand gender assignment issues in these children. Patients were managed at NICH Karachi, NIRM and Shifa International Hospital Islamabad. All patients were investigated on standard lines to make a proper diagnosis. Karyotyping was performed in all patients. Hormonal essays included, serum testosterone levels, 17-OH progesterone levels, FSH, LH etc. Ultrasonography, urogenital endoscopy and laparoscopy were also performed in selected cases. The aim was to assign the genetic sex to the patient when possible. Male gender was advised to all male DSD responding to exogenous hormonal therapy. Patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome were advised female gender. Children having Gonadal dysgenesis [GD] responding to androgen therapy were also advised male gender. Female gender was advised to all children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia [CAH]. Gender assignment was performed after a detail consultation with the family and children if they were old enough to comprehend the issue. Male gender was assigned to CAH patients reared as male if child/family insisted to keep the gender of rearing. Of the 61 patients, 23 were undervirilized male [UVM], 29 had congenital adrenal hyperplasia [CAH], 4 had clitoromegaly, four gonadal dysgenesis and one aphalia. The mean age of presentation of UVM was 8.4 years and CAH was 7.06 years. Clitoromegaly without CAH mean age was 5.6 years. It was not possible to definitely establish the true nature of male DSD in few patients due to limitation of available investigations. Twenty two male DSD patients responded to exogenous testosterone therapy and had male gender assignment. One had female conversion as non-responder. Of the 29 cases of CAH, 27 decided for female assignment and had feminizing genitoplasty. Two children aged 13 and 16 years refused for a female gender assignment and were assigned male gender and reconstructions performed accordingly. Clitoral recession was performed in all the four patients with clitoromegaly. Four patient having MGD was assigned male gender. Single aphallia patient was assigned male gender however adequate phallus reconstruction is still awaited. Older UVM children reared as female accepted male gender happily but CAH children more than 10 years of age reared as male were not happy for a female conversion. Genital reconstruction was most satisfactory in CAH patients. Patients with male gender assignment had multiple procedures and patient's satisfaction response was variable according to the size of the phallus and severity of androgen deficiency. Most patients were however happy for the masculine appearance after chordee correction. Long-term results need to be evaluated. Older female children reared as male find it extremely difficult for female conversion whereas male children reared as female accept male conversion well. Gender re-assigment in younger children is well accepted by the family

Intra vaginal wooden foreign body causing multiple internal fistulae and bladder stone in a 12 years girl

Vaginal foreign bodies in girls may be accidental, self-inflicted or secondary to child abuse. These may causes a number of complications like Infections, abscess formation, intestinal perforation, vaginal discharge and internal fistulae. We are presenting a case of a 13 years old girl who presented with a supra-pubic mass and dysuria. X-ray showed a radio-opaque shadow in pelvis. The child was admitted in medical ward with the diagnosis of bladder stone and UTI. She was pouring frank pus from the vagina. On rectal digital examination a hard foreign body was felt in the rectum. Investigations revealed that she had a large pelvic collection, a sharp wooden Foreign Body [FB] extending from the rectum through the vagina in to the urinary bladder forming a bladder stone. Patient also developed recto-vaginal and vesico-vaginal fistulae. Foreign body was removed along with the bladder stone, pelvic abscess drained and colostomy was performed. Later repair of vesico-vaginal fistula were performed, recto-vaginal fistula closed spontaneously and colostomy closed. Patient became fully continent for urine and feces after completion of surgical procedures. A careful history from the child revealed that she had inserted the foreign body herself as a self-exploring practice

Rectal prolapse: an unusual presentation of malakoplakia in a child

A case of a young girl is presented. The main concern was recurrent rectal prolapse not responding to conservative and sclerotherapy. Colonoscopy showed diffuse colitis with superficial ulcerations and pseudopolyps. Colon biopsies finally showed classical features of malakoplakia confirmed by histopathological test. Conservative treatment failed and ultimately proctocolectomy was performed with ileoanal endorectal anastomosis

Treatment of long tubular duplications by sub-seromuscular excision of the mucosal tube: Modification of an old technique: a case report

An 8-month-old child at the time of operation was found to have an 85-cm long tubular duplication of small intestine, along the antimesenteric border closely adherent to the normal intestine. A sub-seromuscular mucosectomy of the duplicated bowel was performed. Whole 85 cm of the resected mucosa was removed intact, not causing even a single tear in the mucosa. The sero-muscular layers were closed over each other so that no raw area was left. The child had an uneventful recovery